Quando ho visto, sul blog della Siab, il Sileno con Dionisio Infante, sono subito rimasto colpito da questa raffigurazione. Forse è stato l’accostamento particolare a favorire questo impatto, dato che l’immagine serviva come richiamo visivo o eye-catcher a un testo dal titolo Uomini che parlano d’amore. Ma sicuramente è stata la situazione in sé a provocare la mia reazione: mai avevo visto una simile statua antica, raffigurante una relazione di amorevole vicinanza tra un uomo adulto e un bambino piccolo, una relazione di piacere reciproco dell’essere insieme. E se si richiama alla memoria la galleria delle statue che popolano il panteon del mondo antico, un mondo prevalentemente di eroi, guerrieri e imperatori, facilmente si può intuire la singolarità di questo gruppo.
Sileno con Dionisio Infante, esposto nel Braccio Nuovo dei Musei Vaticani, è una copia romana trovato in Olimpia da un originale bronzeo. Secondo il mito greco, Dionisio (letteralmente Figlio di Zeus) nacque dall’unione di Zeus con la bella Semele, figlia di Kadmos, il fondatore di Tebe. Semele, caduta in un tranello di Era, la gelosa moglie di Zeus, fu punita da Zeus e morì folgorata. Ma Zeus salvò il frutto della loro unione affidando il piccolo Dionisio alle cure del satiro Sileno, che lo fece allattare da una Ninfa e divenne poi il custode e maestro di vita di Dionisio.
Per una serie di indicatori, l’originale bronzeo della statua viene oggi con ogni probabilità attribuito a Lisippo di Sicione (ca. 390 – dopo 306 a. C.), insieme a Prassitele e Skopas l’ultimo dei grandi scultori del IV° secolo. Tra questi maestri, Lisippo si distingue come audace innovatore; era famoso per la perfetta cura di ogni dettaglio nella resa dei particolari somatici e in generale era portato all’approfondimento psicologico delle sue figure.
Notiamo, infatti, nel nostro gruppo che il bambino è tenuto dalle braccia e mani forti dell’uomo parecchio in alto, vicino al suo volto. L’uomo lo guarda con attenzione amorevole. La gamba e il braccio sinistro del bambino rispondono con un ulteriore inclinarsi verso il corpo dell’uomo, creando l’atmosfera di un ludico abbandono. Infatti, possiamo notare, con le parole di un critico d’arte, che “i due si fondono in un’unità creata dalle linee incrociate degli sguardi e dalla posizione del bambino che forma una linea trasversale sul torso del vecchio. Il punto focale nel Sileno è la ricerca dell’intima unione tra i due personaggi”.[1]
A ciò corrisponde un altro elemento sottolineato dalla critica: la progressiva umanizzazione della figura del Sileno. Originariamente, nella mitologia e iconografia greca i Sileni appaiono come esseri semi-animaleschi, come creazione mista tra uomo e cavallo, simile ai Centauri. Anche se complessivamente sono di forma umana, hanno conservato dai caratteri somatici del cavallo le orecchie appuntite, una piccola coda, un corpo completamente coperto di peli e spesso anche i zoccoli. Di tutto ciò è rimasto nel nostro Sileno solo l’orecchio leggermente appuntito e una certa sporgenza della fronte inferiore.
Considerando questo sviluppo dell’immaginario e dell’iconografia all’interno della cultura greca, possiamo forse arrivare a un’interpretazione più ampia. In qualche modo, il Sileno umanizzato della nostra statua sembra rispecchiare un passo decisivo della nostra stessa storia, il passaggio dall’animale quadrupede, tanto presente ancora nei Centauri, al futuro uomo bipede. Il bipedismo, infatti, rappresenta il primordiale presupposto della futura evoluzione umana, base sia dello sviluppo del pensiero che della nostra capacità relazionale, la capacità di amare.[2] Mi piace vedere la statua di Sileno con Dionisio Infante come espressione di questa nostra capacità specificamente umana. E mi piace pensare che la nostra storia avrebbe potuto prendere una piega diversa se avessimo avuto, nella vita come nell’arte, più esempi di questo amore tra uomo e bambino.
Note
[1] Alessia Terribili (2003). Il gruppo di Sileno con Dionisio infante al Vaticano. In: Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome. Antiquité, tome 115, n° 2., 881-897.
[2] Christoph Helferich (2018). Il bipede fragile. Posizione eretta e grounding. In: Il corpo vissuto. La cura di sé nell’analisi bioenergetica. Roma: Alpes, 69-82.
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