Il grounding così come definito da Scott Baum[1] (1997) è la relazione della persona
con la realtà sia essa fisica ed esterna che psichica o interna.
Negli individui con funzionamento borderline, il grounding risulta essere minato alla base nell’interazione con i caregiver che non ne permettono un corretto sviluppo, e rivela in età adulta quindi, l’alterazione globale della funzionalità della persona che vede radicalmente compromessa la propria abilità di percepire i fenomeni esterni ma anche quelli interni. Con le parole dello stesso Baum: Il terreno sotto i piedi di questa persona è qualitativamente diverso da quello di qualcuno senza tali incapacità di base (p. 249); la funzionalità dei sistemi sensoriali risulta alterata perché si è strutturata su un grounding evoluto in un’infanzia caratterizzata da terrore, spavento, deprivazione o viceversa iperstimolazione.
L’orrore di questa infanzia è ciò che l’individuo cerca di nascondere a sé e agli altri attraverso le difese e la compensazione che segue. Sostanzialmente per Baum la terapia dovrebbe servire a rendere possibile una modificazione del rapporto con la realtà attraverso il riaprirsi dei sistemi sensoriali in modo che questi possano accogliere delle informazioni sensoriali che precedentemente erano state tagliate fuori e permettere all’individuo di imparare a stare anche dentro di sé con il proprio mondo interiore, e quindi a dover necessariamente sviluppare una capacità di radicamento diversa.
Per l’autore, il borderline vive sulle “sabbie mobili”, ad indicare che l’individuo sente la terra sotto i piedi come una realtà mutevole, pericolosa e non controllabile quindi non vuole metterci i piedi sopra e riscoprire questo segreto doloroso. Baum parla dell’organizzazione borderline come un’entità fenomenologica e clinica precisa, con attributi, caratteristiche e strutture somatopsichiche che costituiscono un nucleo al cui centro si trova un “Sé” manchevole di stabilità, continuità e coerenza e che fa sì che la persona sperimenti la realtà esterna e interna in costante mutamento.
Questa tipica fluttuazione dentro e fuori da stati parzialmente organizzati è ciò che più contraddistingue questa organizzazione. C’è un costante risucchio debilitante che spinge la persona verso lo scompenso psicotico (p.250). L’individuo per contrastare questo modo di sentire e poter sopravvivere si costruirà delle posizioni difensive cioè un modo proprio di far fronte a questo sentire, ma si tratterà di posizioni costruite attraverso delle difese primitive e pertanto fragili, forzate e immature.
Lo scopo è quello di rendere la realtà rassicurante e gestibile a protezione dallo scompenso psicotico sempre dietro l’angolo. Questa descrizione è ciò che Baum indica come la strutturazione di base di questa organizzazione di personalità a cui si possono affiancare altre strutture, altri processi psichici, interpersonali e somatici, per esempio: l’incapacità di vedere e sperimentare la personalità altrui come una realtà integrata, gli altri esistono in funzione del ruolo che occupano nella realtà interiore del borderline. L’incapacità di entrare profondamente in relazione, uscendo dal guscio che egli si è creato, fa sperimentare una dolorosa solitudine.
Per Baum l’individuo così strutturato vive l’esperienza altrui solo con la periferia degli arti e dei sensi ed evita di entrare in contatto per paura di sentire il proprio mondo interiore. L’incapacità di dare senso all’esperienza ha alla base un difetto strutturale dei sensi che non filtrano la realtà e non incorporano da questa ciò che potrebbe avere significato. Non essendoci un sé coerente e definito queste persone diventano un’estensione del sé altrui ed ogni prospettiva di emancipazione o separazione è sinonimo di minaccia alla sopravvivenza. Sperimentando una forte scissione fra la prospettiva di crescita e la paura dell’autonomia, ogni volta che questa viene assaporata porta con sé la paura dell’annichilimento, dell’umiliazione e della sconfitta.
Qui si torna al dramma vissuto dall’individuo borderline al quale è stato richiesto un attaccamento privo di ambiguità, pertanto qualsiasi emozione, sensazione ed esperienza che era dissonante con l’immagine idealizzata che richiedeva il genitore è stato scissa e tenuta segreta. Quindi le diverse esperienze che hanno fatto delle relazioni con i caregiver non possono andare a costituire un oggetto interno coerente e variegato ma bidimensionale e stereotipato e l’esperienza della realtà è riduttiva e ridotta a tale visione.
Qui Baum spiega come il radicamento del bambino, quando tenta di allontanarsi dai genitori, muovendo mani e piedi, e tornare da loro per nutrirsi affettivamente, venga minato alla base. L’andare sulle proprie gambe è un tentativo che viene costantemente frustrato ed ostacolato dal genitore che invece richiede prematuramente al bambino l’uso delle funzioni dell’io (capacità di valutare e adattarsi alla realtà) attraverso immagini che lui stesso trasmette inconsciamente al piccolo per far sì che questo non abbia una reale esperienza della realtà ma sia ridotta da questo filtro a mantenere l’immagine idealizzata del genitore. Le funzioni dell’io ancora in via di sviluppo e sollecitate prematuramente faranno sì che il soggetto borderline adulto appaia capace di rispondere in modo appropriato alla realtà. Quindi c’è una facciata che protegge se stesso e gli altri dalla sottostante casa degli orrori, così come l’ha definita Baum assieme ad un paziente, nel vissuto comune del disturbo borderline.
Baum riporta la citazione di Lowen (1958) che definisce …le gambe ed i piedi come puntelli per lo sviluppo e il funzionamento dei processi dell’io (p. 253), quindi l’individuo è scisso a metà e vive solo attraverso le funzioni superiori mentre quelle inferiori del corpo che lo porterebbe al sé sono state alterate strutturalmente. Lowen afferma che il radicamento corrisponde al concetto psicoanalitico di esame di realtà che in questi individui abbiamo visto essere compromesso. Per quanto riguarda l’alterazione dei processi interni ad esempio, queste persone non riescono a strutturare il ricordo specializzato: non avendo immagini interne stabili degli altri non riescono neanche ad attingere all’immaginazione per rievocare, banalmente, le sembianze di una persona significativa. Quindi le realtà interna ed esterna sono reciprocamente e circolarmente alterate. Nel tentativo di adattarsi alla richieste di appropriatezza della realtà esterna, la personalità si struttura sull’aspettativa esterna e sul suo soddisfacimento, perdendo completamente la bussola dell’orientamento interno dato dalla capacità di sentire attraverso i sensi che nell’infanzia hanno registrato shock traumatici ripetuti che hanno prodotto un’esperienza di terrore e conseguentemente di congelamento.
Questa esperienza ripetuta e dolorosa è stata posta fuori dalla coscienza e questo “doppio vissuto” diventa la dinamica basilare della strutturazione borderline: fuori il soggetto appare adeguato ma dentro è un bambino che trema dal terrore. Ecco perché la valutazione delle funzioni dell’io da sola ai fini diagnostici non è sufficiente senza una adeguata esplorazione dei vissuti interni e profondi. Inoltre il falso sé è una formazione reattiva che impedisce di vedere la realtà per quella che è e quella che è stata, proteggendo l’individuo quindi dalla possibilità di portare allo scoperto la malvagità dei genitori e la loro indifferenza e di sentire l’odio vendicativo e la rabbia nei loro confronti.
Il falso sé costituisce una posizione difensiva del sistema familiare, interessa l’individuo e i suoi sentimenti viscerali, l’immagine che è stato costretto a crearsi dei propri genitori e l’immagine idealizzata di bravi genitori che questi possiedono di se stessi. Questo infine è il vero dramma su cui si va a strutturare il disturbo. L’adesione a questa immagine che impera sulle relazioni familiari fa sì che la realtà che il bambino sperimenta al suo interno sia caratterizzata da decisioni molto veloci condizionate a tale imperativo in cui le funzioni di valutazione dell’io non hanno tempo per percepire sentire e valutare se una percezione corrisponde alla realtà, quindi l’esame di realtà e/o il radicamento è continuamente interrotto. Ne risulta un intreccio di ansia, costrizione e richiesta di adesione che non prevedono una condizione spazio-temporale alla base di una esperienza incarnata (il lento procedere attraverso i fatti, sentimenti, sensazioni e percezioni ai fini dello sviluppo delle strutture somatopsichiche) in relazione con l’altro.
In queste famiglie quindi le esperienze corporee sono coartate, il flusso energetico è bloccato e quindi la possibilità di aprirsi all’altro, di sentirlo attraverso i sensi e mettersi in contatto profondo non è contemplata. Il figlio è subordinato all’esperienza della realtà del genitore alla quale egli è costretto ad arrendersi e così essere percepito come un individuo leale che il genitore può amare a patto che abbandoni le proprie radici e il proprio grounding per sacrificarsi al radicamento e all’energia genitoriale.
Una spiegazione molto interessante è quella che Baum fornisce rispetto all’incapacità di rimanere ancorati all’esperienza percepita che non viene assimilata ed elaborata per sedimentare via via nella strutturazione del sé, ma viene (…) masticata velocemente, inghiottita e poi evacuata prima che possa causare disgregazione o danno psichico (p. 259). Questo processo intrapischico si riflette ovviamente nel campo interpersonale per cui l’individuo borderline quando si trova a parlare liberamente ad alta voce non riesce perché le esperienze e i sentimenti che renderebbero pieno il significato di ciò che va affermando sono state abbandonate. Non c’è quello che l’autore definisce come il “coraggio della comunicazione” e tutto sembra vuoto e insincero. Inoltre le persone con questa strutturazione non sono in grado di difendersi e reagire ad ulteriori attacchi, sostenendo quindi le proprie idee, perché non possono ancorarsi al sentire viscerale e al radicamento avendo come abbiamo visto una limitazione strutturale.
La capacità di contattare e mantenere l’esperienza sentita è severamente compromessa in parte perché la personalità borderline entra ed esce da stati psicotici: gli stimoli interni ed esterni possono disorganizzare la persona in ogni momento. Una persona con questa organizzazione psichica è come un vaso che è stato ridotto in pezzi e rimesso insieme senza colla (p.260), ed impiegherà la maggior parte della propria energia per evitare lo scompenso psicotico. Permettere alle persone con questo tipo di trauma, di recuperare il grounding significa fornire la possibilità di recuperare la propria esperienza interiore e lentamente poter cominciare a credere a questa stessa realtà con la premessa che è stato costantemente operato un processo di negazione del loro sentire.
Bibliografia:
Baum S. (1997). “Vivere sulle sabbie mobili: il grounding e l’organizzazione psichica della personalità borderline”. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, vol.27, n.1, 61/86.
Lowen A. (1975). Bioenergetics. Coward, McCarin & Geoghen, Inc., New York. Trad. It. Bioenergetica. Feltrinelli, Milano 2018.
Note:
[1] Scott Baum, PhD, ABPP, Past President dell’International Institute of Bioenergetic Analysis (Iiba), membro della IIBA International Faculty e psicologo clinico, vive e pratica a New York (USA).
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